It sounds like vomit. (I've got some first hand experience with my new boy Crais.) He's vomited up fur a few times. The slimy texture of it and the smell are good clues to go by.
Vomit doesn't smell the same as stool and although stool sometimes has visible hair remnants, it usually has more brown matter to it.
As far as reasons:
You mentioned that the mouse was on the large side: it could be that his little system didn't have enough time to process the whole thing and he puked up the hair (which is the part they can't digest).
I'd wait about 10 days to feed him again and feed something smaller next time. Make sure he has a good temp gradient with hide boxes on each end so he doesn't have to choose between warmth and security.
Also just make sure he's not disturbed too much and has lots of fresh water daily. He'll be fine.
There are lots of theories about rats vs. mice. I personally try to convert all my boids to rats ASAP and they seem to do well on them. I'm not sure if mouse hair is harder to digest but I've read that mice have more hair than meat to them whereas pinkie or fuzzy rats are all meat and very little hair.
You might want to have his next stool sent in for analysis. Crais had nematodes which might have affected his digestion. Since the treatment, he hasn't vomited again... fingers crossed!
Good luck with your little one! Keep us posted.
